Heat Sink CNC Machined

Heat Sink Development-What You Need To Know

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The heat sink is modest, yet it heats the electronic components that power the magic device. For example, if the computer is heated for an extended period, the heat sink in the CPU can serve as a cooling device, allowing the computer to work longer. The power supply usually is not heavy in the TV set.

How Does It Work?

For Heat sinks, there is a wide range of materials available. Such as: aluminum, brass, SUS .However, different materials have significant impact factors on the heat sink’s heat dissipation effect.Although silver is the best material for heat conductivity testing, it is not the first option because of its high cost. Copper is the second most thermally conductive material, with about twice the thermal conductivity of aluminum. However, aluminum is the most widely used. Aluminum is the most versatile material, regardless of price or heat transfer. Aluminum is a lightweight and economical metal.

What Is the Function of the Aluminum Heat Sink?

The heat sink functions on a fairly simple concept. The surface area is enlarged relatively. As a result, the heat sink must meet several requirements, including rapid heat absorption, rapid heat dissipation, and efficient heat transfer.

Heat Sink CNC Machined Prototype

Common Manufacturing Ways for Aluminum Heat Sink

 Extrusion of Aluminum heat sink

Extrusion is a good technology for mass manufacturing aluminum heat sinks since it requires little investment, has a fast development cycle, and cheap production costs. Aluminum 6063, a typical extrusion material with high heat conductivity, is a popular choice. The heat sink embryo is created by melting an aluminum 520-540°C under high pressure and then allowing the liquid aluminum to flow through grooves in an extrusion mold.

The heat sink fin is then used to produce the profile groove, heat sink embryo, and several other procedures. Completing this therapy, on the other hand, comes with several drawbacks. The Fin is first made using an aluminum extrusion method.

Fin thickness and length ratio are restricted to a specified range, as is the pin-fin ratio. It is one of the primary testing standards for aluminum extrusion technology. The greater the PIN-FIN ratio, the greater the heat sink’s effective cooling surface. Aluminum extrusion is mostly utilized in heat sink processing to create lamellar fins or columnar fins.

Machined Aluminum heat sink

Turning, drilling, milling, and grinding are some of the machining techniques used on CNC Aluminum machining . Based on the structure of the components, this approach may be applied in several ways, including the use of most mechanical parts such as heat sink grooving, plate forming, and bottom surface treatment, among others. The drawback is that tool wear would be quick, and human participation in machine management would be labor-intensive.

Aluminum heat sink – Die casting

A popular cutting process is to dissolve aluminum alloy raw material into liquid at high pressure and then quickly fill the liquid material to CNC. According to the model, a die casting process began to work after refreshment and further treatment, and the once die casting was formed into a heat sink. As a result, we can use the procedure to create a thin, dense, or complex fin. This method, however, has a flaw in that it affects heat conduction and the mechanical properties of the material. As a result, nuclear thermal conductivity can’t have it both ways.

Who Uses Aluminum Heat Sinks?

Premier Engineered Products manufactures die-cast heat sinks for a diverse spectrum of global companies. Some of the important industries we service and know a lot about are as follows:

  • Testing and custom machine manufacturers who create their customized computers and casings
  • Wide-park enterprises require sophisticated sound and auditory systems to deliver staff updates, information, and alarms across large geographic areas.
  • Industrial mechanics, makers of automotive trucks and equipment, and service providers for logistics, agricultural, and other industrial, automotive brands
  • Telecommunications firms, ranging from business to business internet providers to individual cellular service providers.
  • Any firm or situation that can benefit from the ability of an aluminum die-cast heat sink to safeguard even the most sensitive equipment.

What are some common aluminum heat sink surface finish options?

Heat Sink CNC Machined

Sandblasting

By forcefully hitting the surface of the workpiece under high pressure, sandblasting may successfully remove some debris or knife lines on the surface of CNC aluminum machined parts. It may also enhance the mechanical properties and fatigue resistance of the aluminum heat sink surface and make the components seem more uniform and gleaming.

Brushed

Brushed surface treatment can give the items a more metallic sheen and a more trendy appearance.In addition to its ornamental function, drawing can extend the heating surface of parts to a certain level, promoting the usage efficiency of the Aluminum heat sink.

Anodized

Today, Anodized is one of the most popular surface treatment processes for aluminum heat sinks.  The surface of the parts will form a layer of protective film through by using anodizing process, that could protect the parts from scratching, and loss and overcome the surface area hardness of aluminum alloy faults. Diverse advantages presents out .

Electroplating

It is a good way to protect and decorate an aluminum heat sink to be a good looking finished. The principle is similar to that of anodized aluminum. It is also a protective film layer on the surface of the parts to avoid anodization of the surface of the parts. It improves the components’ reflection, wear resistance, electrical conductivity, and corrosion resistance all at the same time.

Conclusion :

We have substantial knowledge in heat sink product design methodology. We can help you with your custom design and customization needs. Please send us your 3D files or drawings for a quotation if you have any new project requirements, or call us if you have any questions. We are a technical sales staff that pays close attention to every point of communication and interface with you to ensure that there are no surprises for your positive customer experiences.

 

CNC Technology Automation

How Much Do You Know For CNC Technology Automation?

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CNC Technology Automation

CNC automation is the most effective technique to get the most of your CNC machine. Connecting Xcelerate and Elevate robots to current and new CNC machinery is simple. CNC automation is now possible for the whole machining industry thanks to our universal automation solutions. The CNC automation has never been more accessible than it presently is; whether milling, turning, grinding, wiring, or zinc sparking are part of the operation at hand.

  1. What is automation?

The process through which robotized work replaces (part of) the manual labor involved in a manufacturing process is automation. A prime example is a connection to a CNC machine from a robot cell. As a result, the CNC production process may continue without humans because the robot can load and unload the machine.

  2. Which CNC machines can automate?

In principle, any CNC machine, regardless of manufacturer, may be automated. We’ve worked with several different CNC manufacturers. like 3-axis ,4-axis and 5-axis machines, There is a certain activity spectrum when it applies on CNC machining services. It has an impact on the X, Y, and Z axes. The maximum size of workpieces that may be loaded into the CNC machine is specified. Both horizontal spindle CNC machines and vertical spindle CNC machines may be automated.

  3. Is CNC automation a good investment for you?

CNC machines are available which design in a wide range of working sizes and shapes for customers choice.  Automation, regardless of the CNC machine you own, is frequently worth the effort needed. Your CNC machine will pay for itself many times over. In addition, automation can provide longer-lasting output, resulting in less labor for your specialized team. Many of our clients have firsthand knowledge of this.

Your investment is also well worth it for small batches. You will be able to enhance your standard CNC production output with Xcelerate greatly. What is the secret of Xcelerate? Not only in terms of speed but also in terms of consistency. Xcelerate can work at the same speed for hours on end, is unaffected by distractions, and does not require breaks, phone calls, or coordination in the middle of the operation. It regularly delivers excellent results. All of those hours of uncrewed operation are also a significant advantage.

  4. CNC automation is also appropriate for small series and a variety of items

Xcelerate and Elevate can also manage products with complicated or irregular shapes.  The robot, as well as the flexibility of the gripper fingers and inlays, are critical. CNC manufacturing services robotization is not just for mass producers. Suppliers with an unpredictable manufacturing process, such as small series and a wide range of products, can profit from our automation solutions as well. Do you require a higher handling weight and a large storage capacity on a compact surface area? If this is the case, Elevate is the appropriate automation option for you.

CNC Automation

  5. The significance of safety in CNC automation

Working securely with automated systems is of the utmost importance. The is why we place a premium on safety. At all times, we adhere to CE safety regulations. For example, Xcelerate is typically outfitted with a floor scanner to ensure that the machine stays accessible, ensuring the safety of your staff. The solution is simple to integrate into your current CNC production environment. Elevate comes in various forms to let you customize your preferred automation solution to your specific needs and working environment. While our loading robots load and unload your CNC machine, your workers may work uninterrupted and safely.

  6. User-friendly software

Xcelerate and Elevate are simple to operate for any operator, thanks to their user-friendly software. You can add new modules or upgrade old ones using intelligent software. Do you, for example, require a unique inlay or gripper fingers for a specific product? No problem: with our software, this type of update is simple to implement. It also makes CNC automation very adaptable, allowing you complete control over how automation is adjusted to suit your manufacturing process.

  7. Easy machine coupling

What are you going to need to connect an automation solution to your machine? Three critical components for stable and dependable CNC automation are an automatic door, a robot interface, and automated clamping. We have many years of experience coupling automation solutions to various machine brands, taking complete control of the process to save its customers a significant amount of time and work.

  8. Addition of multiple features

The machine interface is critical in machine coupling. An essential I/O link ensures that only one operation runs at a time. In such a situation, the CNC machine has the appropriate clamp, and Xcelerate understands that the products from a specific drawer must be placed there for processing until the items from the drawer are ready. If you want to process another product in your CNC machine later, you must first alter the clamp and the software.

The entire process can be automated using Profibus, Ethernet, and Ethernet/IP interfaces, even for small goods of varying forms and sizes. These are easy-to-couple protocols with a wide range of features that we may incorporate into the automation system. Consider Fixture Exchange, which allows you to replace clamps automatically. It means that Xcelerate stores the necessary clamps and changes them as necessary. Furthermore, these protocols enable you to activate various machining services. The CNC machine and the loading robot are constantly communicating with one another.

  9. Automating milling benches and lathes

We automate 3-axis milling benches, 4-axis milling benches (horizontal), and 5-axis milling benches. However, there are also wire and zinc sparking devices. Learn more about what you should consider while automating a milling bench.

Conclusion:

Modern producers encounter several different obstacles. Finding talented people is one of them, and others include the ongoing need to improve overall efficiency, and success frequently rests on the ability to evolve. With our automation-friendly solutions, we can help you boost your business’s total efficiency and outrun your competitors, whether you need an integrated solution or a fully automated system.

 

 

 

 

 

 

industry4.0

Manufacturing Robot Mechanical Prototypes – What To Expect?

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Robotics presents an opportunity to incorporate a revolutionary technological force that can help transform daily lives in various ways, from surgical robots to self-driving cars. For complex tasks, robots need an ever-increasing number of sensors and actuators to perceive the environment and more efficient complex algorithms running on the latest embedded processors.

How manufacturing Robot mechanical prototypes helps?

 However, as engineers and scientists develop more capable robots, handling machine complexity becomes a dangerous proposition. As a result, developers are getting compelled to build new methodologies to help mitigate the risk associated with complex and novel designs. One such method is to create early-stage prototypes, which can help minimize the risk of developing robotic applications.

industry4.0

Here are five things to expect when you are prototyping the next mechanical robot:

  1. Ideas are Cheap

With the Internet, we can now spread ideas more quickly and cheaply than at any other point in history. Technologies such as YouTube and Twitter reduce the expense and time involved in applying a view to almost zero. The most expensive aspect of developing a new robotic device is not coming up with the concept but deciding if the idea has any economic benefit.

You will offer potential customers and investors a specific concept by developing a robot prototype. It gives you a forum to seek input and evaluate whether the idea has commercial value, challenging when a concept only exists on a whiteboard or technical specification paper. Engineers at Virginia Tech University, for example, were able to create a semi-autonomous vehicle that allows a blind driver to navigate successfully, regulate speed, and avoid collisions through a secure driving course. They were able to successfully test their theories in the real world by designing the robotic system.

  1. Don’t Optimize for Cost

Engineers get tempted always to seek the easiest and most elegant solution. It is an admirable and essential characteristic to have when designing the final customer-facing robot. It is not always ideal when developing a prototype device. When creating an electromechanical device, one potential pitfall is getting caught up in ongoing cost optimization when choosing processors, memory, sensors, and motors.

All while attempting to get as much output out of each of these subsystems as possible. The same can get said for the software engineers on staff, who continually improve and optimize code, causing deadlines to slip. This optimization method can also become a massive time drain at the start of a project when it is critical to verify whether it is feasible and economically viable. Before the developers can demonstrate what they’ve been working on, several programs run out of funds and time.

Although price is an important consideration, the prototype’s target is to build a framework within striking distance of profitability. The robotics team should concentrate on developing a framework that demonstrates the importance of the robot. Setting this as your performance metric will enable your team to show off your technology to the public before you run out of funds. Once consumers and investors are involved and supportive, the team will optimize the design to create a successful and effective system.

Aluminum Prototype cnc precision milling for robot component

  1. Reconfigurable I/O

Sensors and actuators enable a robot to interact with and control its surroundings. Unfortunately, at the start of the design process, it is nearly impossible to know all of the information about the system’s inputs and outputs, such as what voltage levels get expected, sampling rates, the number of input channels, and the number of digital lines, to name a few. Integrating I/O into your Custom machined parts is critical in developing a fully functional device.

Engineers demonstrate that their concept can get applied in the real world by including sensory input and control output. Making a paper template, implementing it in software, and even simulating it in a virtual world are essentially conceptual exercises. For the value of your concept, the prototype must collect data and respond accordingly. Furthermore, data from prototyping operations aid in the refinement of functional criteria with customers and the rest of the team based on actual performance.

Adopting a prototyping program that enables engineers to switch out I/O and experiment with different combinations quickly helps the robot be versatile and adapt. They learn more about the problem they’re attempting to solve. It allows you to prompt a robot swiftly to communicate with the natural world while retaining the versatility to adapt as required.

  1. Design for Reuse

One goal of themachined parts is to progress to a subsequent design, either more optimized and similar to the final product or integrating customer input. In any case, the engineering team must determine which components will get included in the subsequent design iteration. Extra attention must be paid to these elements, whether they are a communication protocol or a software algorithm, to ensure that their interfaces and implementations are as compact as possible in the next step of development. It includes providing compatible interfaces, decoupling modules, and maintaining a modular design.

When selecting tools for Custom CNC parts, it is critical to consider whether these tools provide a forum that allows engineers and scientists to build the system at the necessary volume and a possible price point.

  1. Demonstrate Your Prototype

Your Robot Prototyping should be simple to show. This prototype will serve as your calling card–the first thing clients, venture capitalists, and future employees notice about you. A simple prototype that quickly demonstrates what distinguishes the product is the perfect way to create positive excitement about the business and robot. Display the demo as soon as possible while pitching your idea. A powerful presentation will do much more for your company and product than simply displaying slides on a projector.

Conclusion

Organizations and engineers profit from prototyping because it provides early insight into the design process while also involving potential clients, buyers, and investors. We hope these pointers will help you know what you can expect from your next mechanical robot prototype.

prototype detail handle

How To Find Excellent Prototyping Services Manufacturer In China?

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Rapid Prototyping Services allow to quickly come with the physical product model. This model acts as the concept proof and is very helpful even for functionality testing before starting any significant investment for expensive tools like injection molds. It offers the best  prototype solutions. Here is a list of some key technologies:

  • 3D printing for metal and plastic
  • CNC Prototype machining
  • Vacuum casting molding for plastic

Steps involved in rapid prototyping

Here is a sequence of steps involved in rapid prototype machining services to get the best and completed machines and CNC parts delivered at doorsteps:

  • Uploading a CAD file: To start with the process and utilizing the services, you must first fill up the details and upload a 3D CAD file to provide access to the service provider.
  • Quoting and analysis of design: You will soon receive a quote from the chosen Rapid Prototyping Services provider and then get the design for manufacturability analysis (DFM).
  • Confirming order: After reviewing the quote, you must place the order and then let the service provider start with the entire manufacturing process.
  • Getting the prototype parts delivered: After reviewing the quote and then placing the order, the chosen service provider will complete the manufacturing process and then deliver the manufactured parts at your doorsteps (if you want).

When will I require Rapid Prototyping Services?

Tools that can be utilized for large production can be costly. Moreover, you cannot do modifications too once it’s already done. However, before a mold is available for production, it will require up to two months.

You can’t accurately flicker about with various designs based on the difference in their costs and required time to develop any particular mold and different tooling. That’s more where rapid prototyping reaches the spot.

Assume that you have an idea for the product and you desire to advance funds for any new Prototype or model. Or, possibly you need to test and jerk the form and characteristics of a new product conception. That is when rapid prototyping makes a lot of sense.

prototype detail handle

How to find excellent Rapid Prototype Company In China?

Today’s world is flooded with more rapid prototyping companies across China that give various kinds of prototyping services, such as 3D printing,  CNC machining/turning, rapid tooling, sheet metal, Prototype Machining, etc.

Most of the companies are trying to catch abroad customers to increase their business. But only few maintain the standard of high-quality to construct well-built models or low amount composition of products to put into and examine the market.

Above all, high-quality, instant delivery and flexible service are challenging to find in one supplier. So, here are the critical tips mentioned to pick a trusted rapid prototype services provider company in China.

  1. Check out the Industry Experience

When you scan for an abroad supplier, analyze based on Experience. For example, for a complicated project with several parts, materials, and finishes, if you operate with a skilled prototype developer, they can give all that you need to; transform your approach into an excellent prototype or a machined model part.

So, go for the proper manufacturer to save your money and time and accomplish your contraption and concept. You will professional services too.

  1. Look for High Quality Services

While scanning for a trusted manufacturer, several abroad clients have to face some difficulties and problems. Because they are not aware of what the manufacturer can offer, they are unsure whether they will be delighted with the quality after getting the finished goods. While picking a good and decent supplier, never prioritize rate over quality. You should look for quality above all.

An investment into the quality manufacturer will add valuable benefit to your business complementing your product and services. Especially, note that, the company has a team of certified manufacturers who can contribute significantly for the custom based machining parts. If required you can check their profile online and review their testimonials to get a better insight for rapid prototyping services.

  1. Quick Turnaround

Every business has its own urgency. So when you are looking for an excellent prototyping service manufacturer in China, note their turnaround time. You can seek quotations of a few manufacturers in order to get an idea of their quick services.

Rapid prototyping must be as instant as accomplishing the task and providing the finished prototype products in only a couple of days or within a week. This is necessary for saving a large percent of the overall cost.

  1. Advancement with technology

When you are looking for an excellent rapid prototyping service manufacturer in China, it is advisable to connect with a tech savvy company. They must be abreast of the current marketing conditions and the latest technologies to pace up with the requirements of multiple industry vertical. You can connect with UYEE Prototype now you for an incredible prototyping and CNC machining services.

What more to look for while choosing the Rapid Prototyping Services?

Apart from the aspects mentioned above, apart from analyzing the prototype development, here are some more things that you must look for while selecting the best out of the available Prototyping Services across China and abroad.

  • Lower volume manufacturers: Apart from the Prototype Services, you must also look at whether the service provider or the chosen company also offers lower volume manufacturing services for numerous industries, including medical, automotive, aerospace, etc. The chosen company must also be experienced with prototype making, and pressure dies casting, rapid tooling, aluminum extrusion, and plastic molding.
  • Surface finishing: Look for the service provider that excels in manufacturing prototypes and offers smoother surface finishes for the developed parts. The company must be utilizing various types of painting, polishing, screening, and other measures for the same.
  • Outsourcing: Overall, the service provider must also have a facility for outsourcing manufacturing services like forging and investment casting so that you can utilize the service whenever and wherever required.
Rapid CNC Machining

How to reduce vibration during CNC machining?

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In CNC milling service process, vibration may occur due to the limitations of cutting tools, tool holders, machine tools, workpieces, or fixtures. To reduce vibration, some strategies need to be considered as following:

Cutting tool

1) For face milling, the direction of cutting force must be considered:

a) When using a 90° milling cutter, the cutting force is mainly concentrated in the radial direction. In long overhang conditions, this can cause the milling cutter to sway; however, when milling thin-walled/vibration-sensitive parts, low axial forces are beneficial.

b) The 45° milling cutter can produce uniformly distributed axial and radial forces.

c) The round blade milling cutter directs most of the force upwards along the spindle, especially when the depth of cut is small. In addition, the 10° milling cutter transmits the main cutting force to the spindle, thereby reducing vibration caused by long tool overhangs.

2) Choose the smallest possible diameter for the process.

3) DC should be 20-50% greater than ae.

4) Choose sparse tooth and/or unequal pitch milling cutter.

5) Lightweight milling cutters are advantageous, such as milling cutters with aluminum alloy body.

For unstable thin-walled workpieces, use large entering angle = small axial cutting force; for long tool overhang conditions, use small entering angle = high axial cutting force.

Knife handle

The Coromant Capto modular tool holder system can be used to assemble tools of the required length while maintaining high stability and minimum runout.

1) Keep the tool assembly as high as possible rigidity and as short as possible.

2) Choose the largest possible post diameter/size.

3) Use Coromant Capto adaptors that are suitable for over-sized milling cutters and avoid reducing diameter adaptors.

4) For small size milling cutters, if possible, use tapered adaptors.

5) In the process where the last pass is in the deep part of the part, use the extended tool at the predetermined position. Adjust cutting parameters according to each tool length.

6) If the spindle speed exceeds 20000 rpm, use dynamically balanced cutting tools and tool holders, be sure to use the shortest possible tool length, and gradually increase the length.

Damping milling cutter

If the overhang is greater than 4 times the tool diameter, the milling vibration trend may become more obvious, and good damping milling cutters can significantly increase productivity.

The cutting edge

To reduce cutting force:

1) Choose light-load geometry-L with sharp cutting edge and thin coating material.

2) Use a blade with a small arc radius and a small parallel cutting edge.

Sometimes, the vibration tendency can be reduced by adding more damping to the system. Use a cutting edge geometry with a larger negative rake angle and a slightly worn cutting edge.

Cutting parameters and tool path programming

1) Be sure to position the milling cutter off-center relative to the milling surface.

2) For KAPR 90° long edge milling cutters or end mills, use small radial depth of cut (max ae = 25%×DC) and large axial depth of cut (max ap = 100%×De).

3) When face milling, use small depth of cut ap and high feed fz and round inserts or high feed milling cutters with small entering angle.

4) Avoid vibration in the corners by programming a large arc pass, see inner corner milling.

5) If the chip thickness becomes too thin, the cutting edge will scratch instead of cutting, resulting in vibration. In this case, the feed per tooth should be increased.

CNC machine

The condition of the machine tool may have a greater impact on the milling vibration trend. Excessive wear of the spindle bearing or feed mechanism will result in poor machining performance. Carefully choose the machining strategy and cutting force direction to take full advantage of the stability of the machine tool. Every machine tool spindle has unstable areas that are prone to vibration. The stable cutting area is described by the stability graph and increases with the increase in speed. Even a speed increase as low as 50 rpm can make the cutting process from vibration. The unstable state becomes the stable state.

Workpieces and fixtures

When milling thin-walled/base parts and/or when the fixture rigidity is poor, consider the following points:

1) The fixture should be close to the machine table.

2) Optimize the tool path and feed direction towards the position with the highest machine tool/fixture strength to obtain the most stable cutting conditions.

3) Avoid machining along the direction where the CNC machined part is not fully supported.

4) When the rigidity of the fixture and/or workpiece in a particular direction is poor, up-milling can reduce the tendency of vibration.

When the fixture rigidity is poor, use the feed direction toward the machine tool table. Please note that the first cut should be executed at 1/2 of the depth of cut of the second cut and 1/2 of the depth of cut of the third cut. The second cut, and so on.

CNC milling process

The 6 Secrets of Precision CNC Milling

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When it comes to producing complicated components, CNC milling is one of the most commonly used processes. Why is it so difficult? When other fabrication processes, such as laser or plasma cutting, can achieve the same results, it is more cost-effective to use them. However, none of these two would compete with CNC milling in terms of functionality. So, we’ll take a deep dive into milling, examining the different elements of the process as well as the equipment. It will help you determine whether you need CNC milling services to manufacture your components or whether there is a more cost-effective option.

CNC milling process

What is CNC Milling?

Let us first define CNC milling and clear up some of the more ambiguous aspects of the word itself.

To begin, when looking for milling, people often request CNC machining. CNC milling services and turning are also types of machining, but they are not the same. Machining is a mechanical cutting technology that removes material through physical contact with a variety of tools.

Second, because CNC machines get used in all CNC machining, not all CNC machines are used for machining. Behind these three letters is computer numerical control. CNC machines use computerized systems to automate the cutting process. As a result, CNC machines include laser cutters, plasma cutters, press brakes, etc.

So CNC machining is a combination of these two words, providing an answer to the title’s question. CNC milling is a type of subtractive fabrication that employs computer numerical control systems to automate the process.

What are some of the CNC Milling Secrets?

Milling may get used for various characteristics such as threading, chamfering, slotting, and so on. It enables the production of complex designs with an enviable and precise CNC milling center. CNC machining tolerances are typical +/- 0.1 mm.

These characteristics above necessitate several different milling operations:

  • Surface milling
  • Face milling
  • Angular milling
  • Form milling
  • Profile milling
  • Gear milling, etc.

Plain milling

Copper CNC milling partPlain milling is sometimes get referred to as surface milling. It employs a horizontal mill, which means that the cutting tool’s rotational axis is parallel to the cutting surface.

Surface milling may employ various cutters, both wide and narrow, depending on the desired outcome. When combined with a slow cutting speed, a quick feed rate, and coarse cutter teeth, using a broad cutter can result in rapid material removal. Of course, the plain finish of such cutting may fall short of the specifications.

As a result, a second step may require changing tools to use more delicate teeth. It necessitates higher cutting speeds and slower feed rates, resulting in a slower amount of material removal per time unit. The result is more accurate at the same time. As a result, the combination of the two is a wise financial decision.

Face milling

This procedure makes use of a cutting tool with teeth on both the sides and the end. The axis of the device is perpendicular to the machined portion.

Face milling is often used after surface milling because it produces more elaborate contours and leaves a good finish. The jaw on the sides do most of the cuts, and the teeth on the tip finish the surface.

Angular milling

This milling operation allows us to make chamfers, grooves, and other features. There are various approaches to implementing these features.

The use of multiple cutters makes the most sense in the case of a standard 3-axis mill. It can use dovetail cutters to make angled grooves, or a mill with a conical cutting head can get used to chamfer. It’s worth noting that these two are opposites.

The cutter’s axis should be perpendicular to or parallel to the surface.

Form milling

To generate more complicated surface contours, this type of milling necessitates the use of specialized tooling. Convex and concave cutters are two examples of tooling used here.

Form milling facilitates the creation of these surface contours in a single cut. The tools can assist in the creation of round recesses, round corners, and so on. The devices must have the corresponding parameters to obtain the desired result.

Gang milling is a subcategory of form milling in which patterns are created by using several cutters simultaneously.

Profile milling

It is a typical milling operation used to produce convex and concave segments. Roughing, semi-completing, and finishing are the three steps of the process.

Roughing is done with round inserts to remove the majority of the material. Ball-nose end mills are ideal for finishing and semi-finishing.

Such work can benefit significantly from CNC milling, as four and five-axis technology will dramatically speed up operations while improving quality.

Gear milling

Yes, milling can also get used to making different kinds of gears. The entire gear manufacturing process gets divided into two steps.

The first step is gear milling. The material’s softness makes it easier to create the part while maintaining tight tolerances. The gears are then subjected to a heat treatment process to harden the surface. Following that, CNC turning will be in charge of the final result.

Conclusion:

Using an ever-expanding set of tools and methods, as well as the consistency and repeatability benefits of CNC automation, machining can finish a workpiece to exact specifications in a single operation, with little or no interference from a machine operator.

Precision CNC milling is often the fabrication method of choice for a wide range of manufactured components due to its ability to work with virtually any material and at any production volume.

Medical device prototyping

The Contact of Prototype Manufacturing in Medical Industry

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Apart from printing 3D models, industrial rapid prototypes and other models for different industries, additive manufacturing has evolved substantially in medical industry. Because this technique offers personalized solutions, it has a great impact on health. If you want to know some of these advances, we show you the most interesting medical device prototyping innovations with 3D technology.

Medical device prototyping

Some Advances in 3D Printing for Modern Medical Industry

Since its inception, the ease of printing 3D models and other designs has found a fertile field in medical device to give less expensive and more efficient alternative treatments. With the development of materials, technologies and techniques, many people can now turn to medical device  innovations with 3D technology such as:

  • 3D printing and biological materials.

Progress in this area is unstoppable. From blood vessels to connective tissue to skin printing, the usefulness and expansion of this innovative technology in the medical field is enormous. Hearing aids, prostheses, bones and even ears can already be produced with 3D printers.

  • Uses in optogenetics.

This cutting-edge technique is used to stimulate groups of neurons in the brain. Genetics, virology and optical study are mixed in this scientific and experimental branch. Great advances are being made in this regard by treating neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and it is proven to be really effective against disorders and ailments such as insomnia or anxiety. Light is the protagonist of this innovative medical technique functioning as an inducing agent. You can learn more about this technique in the following link.

  • Hybrid operating rooms.

Hybrid or smart operating rooms are often equipped with sufficient technology to perform diagnosis and intervention. High-quality images, intraoperative tomography, and MRIs are present in the same room, thus optimizing the operating process. The use of these operating rooms minimizes the risks of patients, who are normally transferred between different rooms, makes it possible to diagnose and intervene at the same time, it is less invasive and it allows patients to recover faster, spending less time in the hospital.

  • Customized drugs.

There are many patients who need a large amount of medical device to cope with their ailments. Since standardized doses do not work the same for everyone, 3D drug delivery appeared. Dr. Min Pu and his team developed an algorithm that analyzes the person’s data to create the precise dosage and print it out using special software.

  • Preparation and 3D training.

Faced with the challenge of doing very specific or complicated operations, the study of the human body has had to evolve. Using MRIs and CT scans, surgeons can create high-resolution 2D and 3D images. With the help of virtual reality programs, they prepare their procedures with more precision and detail.

  • Use of microchips in clinical trials.

Research in medical industry is being accelerated thanks to pieces that are no more than a thumb but are of enormous utility. The so-called microfluidic chips, in addition to speeding up research, reduce the use of research animals.Its function is the movement of microscopic amounts of chemical elements through cell cultures of lungs, livers, kidneys or hearts. These technological innovations in health make it possible to test combinations of active principles on a wide variety of cell types and study the relationships produced.It is a very efficient method and one that optimizes research. By selecting stem cells from the patient, the specific effects of drugs can be observed without side effects or useless treatments.

  • Wearable technology in the medical

The improvement in the relationship between the professional and the patient and the acceleration of diagnostic times are some of the advantages of the use of wearables. That is, garments or accessories with built-in devices that collect and transmit relevant information. Some examples of technological innovations in the form of wearable are the following.

  • Smart clothing to monitor body data.

T-shirts, gloves, helmets or bracelets can become information collection systems of a cardiovascular nature, for example, vital for the analysis and monitoring of patients. Monitoring stress or anxiety in users allows to detect, control and diagnose in a much more effective way. Another example is the bras that help detect breast cancer.

  • Smart glasses.

Numerous brands are producing their own version of this technology. Perhaps the best known are the Google Glasses. The uses of this type of technology are very varied, they can be used both to visualize data, as in the case of professionals, and to help you fall asleep, in the case of glasses from the company Sana Heatlh. There are also projects for smart lenses that prevent glaucoma.

  • Digital pickups.

Also known as the e-pill, it is a possible technological revolution in the medical industry. It consists of an edible sensor that controls the presence of the pill in the body through a receptor patch. The information is sent to a mobile app and the implementation of this system can lead to significant structural health savings.

Die Casting

What You Need To Know For Metal Casting Technology?

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In the industry, some of metal parts fabrication and prototype with CNC machining technology is a good option, especially for low volume manufacturing order, but once product requirements coming into mass production stage ,then, other better process has to be taken into account in order to save money .

Casting machines ensure the die is fully closed. They are classified according to the amount of clamping force they can apply and, in the case of machines, they can range from 550 to 5700 tones. In the cold room process, the metal is first melted in a separate furnace and transferred to a holding furnace; then it is poured into a filling chamber and injected into the mold.

Die Casting

Advantages of the high pressure Die Casting Technology process

High pressure Die Casting Technology can produce very large alloy parts in high volumes and at high speed. The high-pressure process can also produce thin-walled components and cast parts together with different types of parts, such as screws and liners, which are then an integral part of the product itself.

Application

Cold-chamber high-pressure Die Casting Technology is ideal for the production of a diverse range of aluminum and magnesium parts for the automotive industry, such as engine blocks, gearbox crankcases, oil pans, engine mounts and structural parts like cross beams. It is widely used in other industries to manufacture components for applications ranging from the simplest (a lighting component) to the most demanding (parts for an aerospace engine).

Light pressure Die Casting Technology

Although the ability to reduce physical weight has been a key driver of the increased demand for aluminum and other parts in light alloys in recent years, other properties, such as electrical and thermal conductivity, mechanical strength, corrosion, and strength, they also attract the attention of manufacturers in a multitude of industrial sectors.

Due to this unique range of characteristics, light metal can be used to melt complex safety-critical components in the aerospace, automotive and electronics industries. It also represents a cost-effective production option for simple parts, from lighting components to cookware. Three of the most common technologies for producing light alloy Die Casting Technology are: high pressure casting, gravity casting and low pressure casting. Each technology also supports semi-permanent and chill casting processes.

The main advantage of both permanent and semi-permanent Die Casting is its suitability for process automation and large-scale production, making the techniques popular with high-volume fabricators. Depending on the application, alloy part specifications can vary greatly, from geometric complexity and wall thickness to density and strength of the metal.

Sand mold technology process

In sand mold technology, patterns are used to create the molds, preparing and joining these sand molds is a very important step. Patterns or molds are needed to create the empty cavity within the sand and in this way make the desired part.

Two main methods are used for joining the sand molds:

  • “Green sand” consists of mixtures of sand
  • “Dry sand” is composed of thermally or chemically cured synthetic sand and binders.

Sand Mold consists of pouring molten metal into the mold with the shape of the part or object to be manufactured and waiting for it to harden when it cools. Among the most common foundry metals are cast iron, steel, aluminum alloys and brass.

How does the sand mold work ?

Sand mold is based on the principle of gravity, that is, the only source of energy that forces the metal to fill the mold cavity is the force of gravity. This type of technology is used for pieces in which the quality of finish and dimensional is not decisive. The disadvantages are low dimensional accuracy, poor surface finish, and low strength as a result of slow cooling.

Sand mold will not have as high dimensional accuracy as die casting. In Die Casting, the metal in liquid state is forced into the cavity between the dies by injecting it at high pressure into a die by a special die casting machine, with a closing force of 300 tons. The working pressure is maintained until the metal has completely solidified.

The pieces obtained with this procedure are of high quality in terms of their finish, their dimensions and have great precision. This procedure is one of the most used for the production of large quantities of castings. The mold called matrix, is the most delicate element of die casting, it must be made of steel with great accuracy and cleanliness, which is why precision tools and machines must be used.

Once the matrix is ​​finished, it is subjected to a heat treatment, which increases its hardness and resistance to the attack of liquid metal. In die casting you can control the physical conditions in the solidification of the metal. While the solidification of the metal in a sand mold is carried out under the action of its own weight, leaving pores

Electric Aircraft

Do You Believe The Electric Aircraft Come True In Future?

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Electric cars are in a way the hope of dumping some emissions from our atmosphere, but they are not the only means of transport that pose a problem at this level. Airplanes suppose a good dose of air pollution and the idea of ​​electric airplanes already haunts many minds, one of them that of designer Joe Doucet and his concept of an electric plane focused on efficiency and not so much on breaking speed records. The pollution generated by air transport has become more than ever a topical issue, in the context of COP25 and the notorious trips of activist Greta Thunberg, who prefers to travel on trains and catamarans to avoid generating that carbon footprint produced by aircraft. This bad image for commercial flights, together with the wave of decarburization and electrification experienced by various sectors, including the automotive industry, makes us wonder whether it would be possible to manufacture electric airplanes.

The functional model has been built through by rapid prototyping services company. Several recent cases of electric aircraft in tests such as that of the Harbor Air Company, it does not seem unreasonable to think about the implementation of this type of technology in the near future. However, it is enough to delve a little into the details of these experiments that are being carried out to realize that there are still years, or rather decades, to be able to talk about commercial flights with the current characteristics powered by electric power.

Electric Aircraft

Electric plane flies successfully… For 10 minutes

The Canadian company Harbor Air announced last Wednesday that it had successfully executed a test flight of the so-called ePlane, in collaboration with magniX. In addition, they assure that they could start selling tickets for one of these planes in 2022, but to how many? The firm assured that the ePlain was the first flight of an electric commercial airplane, although the aircraft had only 6 seats and the flight lasted a total of 10 minutes.The CEO of magniX, Roei Ganzarski, assures that these prototyping models allow savings both for the cost of fuel and for the fact that electric motors are simpler and therefore require less maintenance.

Regarding projects carried out by airlines, the ‘low-cost’ Easy Jet and Airbus agreed to develop a joint investigation to analyze the potential of hybrid and electric aircraft, although it is likely that 100% electric will arrive long after hybrids. Airbus, in particular, has participated in an aeronautical show in Dubai presenting 100% electric models, but they were competition aircraft, that is, very small prototype. The engines that these aircraft carry do not allow them to fly for more than 5 or 10 minutes, as reported by El País.

Easy Jet, for its part, partnered in 2017 with the American start-up Wright Electric to develop electric aircraft, also intended for short-haul routes. In any case, Johan Lundgren, CEO of Easy Jet, dates in 2030 its first operations with electric or hybrids. Easy Jet is ambitious in terms of the number of passengers they could carry, which amounts to 180 by that date. The reality is that in a few years, there could be cases of travel routes with hybrid aircraft, but limited to a small number of passengers and short trips, a prototype test very far from that offered by traditional commercial aircraft.

Batteries remain short

These prototype models share the same problem: batteries. For these to allow for long trips, they would have to be too large and heavy to be efficient. The chief technology officer of the United States United Technologies, Paul Eremenko, assures that unless there is a radical paradigm shift and still to be invented in energy storage, we will depend on hydrocarbons for the foreseeable future.

Eremenko said this at the Paris Air-Show held last July, an event in which the head of Airbus technology, Grazia Vittadini, also commented that even assuming enormous advances in battery technology, with batteries that are 30 times more efficient and Dense in energy than they are today, it would only be possible to fly an A320 for a fifth of its route and half the load.   The A320 that Vittadini refers to is a passenger model that can carry 100 to 240 passengers. At this show in the French capital, the Israeli startup Eviation presented a 100% electric prototyping model that generated great excitement since, unlike others, it promised to fly 1,000 km. Of course, with a capacity of 9 passengers.

How Can We Help You ?

If you have a design model that you want to get it made with high quality and low costs  .We can help .We will make analysis on the CAD model ,Bom list you provided ,and offer the most economical manufacturing method ,for example ,some of parts probably will be a better option to be made in CNC prototype machining .no matter quality or cost requirements .We are the rapid manufacturing expert !

Sheet Metal

Sheet Metal Manufacturing Is Essential For Many Industries

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In rapid prototyping industry, When we are talking about metal prototype manufacturing .Might some of works will be also related with sheet metal .The Sheet Metal Manufacturing are elements that are used mainly for the construction industry, they are characterized by being metal sheets that have come to be known as sheet or plates, these sheets are manufactured with different thicknesses and sizes (gauges and lengths), they are also used for the manufacture of profiles.

Knowing the manufacturing process of sheet metal profiles and those who are able to manufacture them of excellent quality is really important, the pickling process, machining, cold rolling, galvanizing lines and the painting process must be taken into account to achieve the best possible results for an excellent quality product.

Sheet Metal

Manufacturing these profiles in sheets must take four processes which are:

  • Pickling process
  • Cold rolling mill
  • Galvanizing line
  • Painting process

  1. PICKLING PROCESS

In the pickling process, it is possible to guarantee quality in the following production processes by means of a hydrochloric acid bath that permanently eliminates the iron oxide scales that are generated during the hot rolling process. In addition, the width of the roll and the surface quality are prepared to optimize the cold lamination process.

  1. COLD ROLLING MILL

The cold rolling process allows the thickness, width, flatness and surface quality to be obtained free of defects and to be ready to carry out the galvanizing process at the time that is required by the clients.

  1. GALVANIZED LINE

Galvanizing processes have everything necessary to deliver the best zinc or aluminum zinc coating. First, the calibration and the width of the roll are ensured, then cleaning baths are made with some chemicals and a brushing, then a preheating and annealing process is carried out in a vertical oven.

Then a hot-dip galvanizing process is carried out controlled by automatic air nozzles, which gives it flatness and perfect quality for highly demanding markets. Finally, it is treated with an acrylic passivized or electrostatic oiling according to the requirements for its transport, storage or a later process.

  1. PAINTING PROCESS

Finally, the painting process is carried out if required, then a chemical treatment is carried out that prepares the surface to receive a layer of primer that is converted into an excellent base to anchor the finishing paint controlled by roller equipment that makes it uniform the coat of paint.

Range of sheet on the market

The importance of knowing the process lies in being able to distinguish the range of Sheet Metal Manufacturing that are currently on the market, since there are currently several manufacturers and many more maquiladoras, who do not always comply with the standards, thus producing lower grade sheet metal. An example of this is Lose, when it is manufactured in the plant, it has a structural grade steel unlike the maquiladoras that have access to a commercial grade steel, with which they manufacture the sheet metal parts.

When you know the production processes you can better understand what material you can use correctly in the different types of projects and know first-hand the quality of the manufacturers. Acquire this product from expert hands that have quality certificates, have a high brand positioning and have a price that is favorable for the correct implementation of your projects.

What is bending?

Sheet metal bending can be defined as the deformation of a material around a neutral axis. This deformation has as a final result several products, one of them essential for several industries: aluminum profiles. Given that these satisfy constructive and ornamental needs, these implements are of vital importance for the bodywork industry, especially in the cargo vehicle sector.

What is its importance for the body and cargo industry?

Aluminum sheets for car bodies must take special care regarding bending since, if the Sheet Metal Manufacturing is not adequately compressed during the operation, the deforming operation can be unsuccessful. The deformation must allow that, on the one hand, the sheet manufacturing is compressed and on the other, a stretching occurs that makes the sheet functional for the purposes that are pursued. This criterion is key for body profiles. Given that the radii of the sheet must allow not only to meet the customer’s specifications but also for the geometric complexities of the product to satisfy the quality indicators that exist in the processing industry. The bending of the car body sheets can be in V, executed in V or with a V die, as well as with a sliding die. This type of procedure is generally accompanied by punches that facilitate operation on both obtuse and acute angles of the sheet metal.

What are the advantages of bending?

A good profile cut fulfills several key functions for the body, for example: reducing weight and increasing the load capacity of the vehicle. Remember that another factor to take into account is the customization of the bending, which can follow indications in L, T, S, or the shape that you consider appropriate, as well as having standard alloy criteria 6060/6063 to 6005/6082 that respects the lengths from 3 to 7 meters, necessary for its implementation. Also regarding aluminum, it should be noted that it is 100 percent recyclable with respect to the recovery of the vehicle in the event of a collision.

industry4.0

Will Industry 4.0 Affect CNC Machining Services?

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The concept of Industry 4.0 was mentioned for the first time at the Hannover fair (fair dedicated to industrial technology) in 2011 with the intention of launching a project that would carry out the conception and development of the smart factory associated with the fourth industrial revolution, a vision of computerized manufacturing with all its interconnected processes making use of the internet of things (IoT), nowadays called the industrial internet of things (IIoT).

It is said that two years later the German government launched this initiative with the idea of ​​coping with the great advances in industrial matters that were taking place in emerging countries such as China, and that by not being able to compete in production costs, the idea was to be able to exceed them in industrial technology and in the ability to custom machined parts products individually. Although, as has been seen, these countries have not been slow in wanting to get on the bandwagon of this fourth industrial revolution once it is launched in Europe and the United States, where by the way the concept of Industry 4.0 or Industrial Intelligence, unlike in Europe, is called Smart Manufacturing or Industrial Internet. The term Industry 4.0 encompasses many concepts and purposes, but the first advances in this area imply the incorporation of greater flexibility and individualization of custom machined parts processes. The automotive industry is a pioneer in the need to implement these flexible and individualized manufacturing processes, and it is where great advances are already being seen in this area because manufacturers have to adapt vehicles to the individual needs of customers of fast and efficient way.

industry4.0

Principles of design

The design principles on which custom machined parts companies and organizations are based to implement Industry 4.0 are the following:

  • Decentralized decisions. Cyber-physical systems have to be able to make decisions for themselves and to carry out their tasks in the most autonomous way possible.
  • People, devices, sensors and custom machining have to be able to communicate with each other. Here the Internet of Things (IO • Technical assistance) plays a very important role. Cyber-physical systems have to offer support and collaboration to humans in all those tasks that are dangerous, produce fatigue, tiredness or are unpleasant. And on the other hand they have to offer help or support that is capable of adding visual information intelligible to humans so that possible problems can be advanced and / or solved in the shortest possible time.
  • Informational transparency. Information systems have to be able to create a virtual copy or “Digital Twin” of the physical world that surrounds them through the data collected through their sensors and other connected devices in their ecosystem.

Challenges of Industry 4.0

It is expected that the new concept of Industry 4.0 associated with the fourth industrial revolution and Cyber-physical Systems, will be able to promote fundamental changes at the same level as the three preceding revolutions. Let us remember that in the first revolution, mechanics moved by the energy generated by water and steam were introduced, in the second, electricity and mass production invented by Henry Ford were introduced, and the third automation and the proliferation of technologies. of the information. If we had to define the most important challenges that companies and organizations that implement Industry 4.0 are going to have to face, they would be the following: The development of software and analysis systems that turn the deluge of data produced by smart factories into useful and valuable information. T).

CNC machining and Industry 4.0

We hear about the 4.0 revolution and the technologies that are going to transform our world as we know it. Robotics, IoT, Big Data, Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, 3D Printing… are just some of these technologies. But what is not discussed so much is that many of these innovations are based on technologies that are already well established in our industry.This is the case of additive manufacturing or 3D printing, which uses CNC machining technology as one of its fundamental elements.

The abbreviations precision CNC machining correspond to “Computerized Numerical Control”. It is applied to machines that, unlike conventional or manual ones, use a computer to, based on numerical codes assigned to their degrees of freedom, define the movements that must be made, allowing great precision in drawing circles, diagonals or complex three-dimensional figures.

CNC manufacturing services are capable of moving a tool, in up to five degrees of freedom, to obtain complex three-dimensional figures. Once the computer is programmed, the custom machines parts works alone, allowing the operator to dedicate himself to other tasks, with the consequent optimization of the use of personnel.

prototype development

The Importance of Prototyping Strategies to Support Product Development

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No other process can replace rapid prototyping services. It is in this phase where the functionality of the product or application is put to the test and you can verify how your ideas on paper and sketches are translated into reality, to an interactive model. Thanks to the prototypes companies you can discover the errors and the possible improvements that you can make to your application or product. Rapid prototyping is an important phase, but it can often be difficult for small businesses to carry out this phase as it is considered a waste of time, but the benefits are truly insurmountable. In this article we detail the main benefits of prototypes companies and make it clear why they are a necessity in any interactive project.

prototype development

Why Prototypes Companies Are Necessary?

It is true that, in principle, it seems that skipping the prototyping service phase in the design process saves you a lot of time, but finally that time you have “saved” can be doubled in hours of pointless development. Prototype is crucial to test designs interactively, after all interactivity is an important feature in all product or application design. If you are still not convinced about including the prototyping phase in your design process, we list some of its main benefits:

  • Improve communication: If you work with a team, doing the prototype service phase together leads to dialogue and creative problem solving. It is in this phase where the limitations and scope of each solution are explored and the results and benefits can be measured based on this.
  • You can verify results: Although the sketching phase is important because it allows you to develop solutions in a creative way, nothing compares to reality. You will probably find that when translating your sketches into reality there are certain details that you must modify. New challenges arise and it is up to you to solve them effectively.
  • It allows you to convince your clients: Prototypes manufacturers allow you to sell your idea and can be excellent tools for your most demanding clients. Experiencing a beta version of the product or application is invaluable, both for you and your customers, as they can view your ideas live.
  • Useful for usability tests: Putting your prototypes to the test in front of a selected group can find problems and solve them in time. You may even be able to detect errors that you overlooked or that maybe did not seem so important, but that for users do make a difference.
  • Prototyping does not necessarily mean a waste of time, as we have already seen. There is even what is called ” rapid prototyping service” and also many other tools that allow you to make prototypes faster and easier.

Prototypes Companies Allow You To Find A Balance Between Design & Interaction

Because prototypes manufacturers are necessary in every project: Finding a balance between design and interactivity. The prototyping phase is when the concept on paper becomes a reality. For this reason both creativity and practicality are required, in this way a balance is found in the design. It is also helpful when making the final design decisions that are usually made at this stage as you have already seen how the product or application works. You have been able to see the prototype in action, notice the errors and fix them in time, as well as the elements that do not work at all and that perhaps are essential. Prototyping allows you to make informed decisions based on the tests you have performed and not just based on intuition.

Prototypes Facilitate Usability Testing

Because prototypes are necessary in every project: They facilitate usability tests. Prototypes companies can be considered a kind of sketch as they allow you to test the interactivity of the product or application. They are like a first version of the final product that will be polished based on the tests and errors that you detect in it. For this reason, prototypes are perfect for testing usability and improving the final product based on your “discoveries.” In order to properly perform usability tests there are certain basic aspects that you must take into account:

  • Know the final product: The final result you want to achieve must be well defined as well as the specific type of test you want to carry out. Maybe it is the navigation menu, the parallax scrolling that you have decided to implement, etc. It’s about choosing the aspect that seems most problematic, at least you can start from that point.
  • Choose your target audience: Each product or service is aimed at a target audience that has different habits and expectations of the product, so be sure to choose a group that represents that target audience. This way, you can find the exact preferences and errors that you may have overlooked.
  • Analyze the results: Once you have carried out the respective tests, make sure to make use of the new information you have to add changes and modifications to the final product.